For many years, Middle Island thrived as a home for these charming creatures, attracting nature enthusiasts and wildlife lovers alike. However, in early 2005, observers noted a troubling decline in the Little Penguin population, which dwindled to just around 10 individuals. The reason for this alarming drop became clear: as shifting sands altered the landscape, foxes began accessing the island at low tide. These predators posed a significant threat, preying on the vulnerable penguins and their chicks.

In response to this crisis, authorities closed Middle Island to the public in 2006, aiming to protect the penguin burrows from human trampling, which could further endanger the penguins and their nests. While this closure helped reduce human interference, it was the innovative Maremma Project that truly turned the tide for the Little Penguins.

Inspired by the success of Maremma dogs in protecting livestock, local chicken farmer Swampy Marsh suggested introducing these guardian dogs to Middle Island. Having successfully used Maremmas to safeguard his free-range chickens from predators, Swampy believed these dogs could similarly defend the penguin colony.
In a world-first initiative, trained Maremmas were deployed on Middle Island during the penguin breeding season. Their presence created a protective barrier against foxes, leading to astonishing results. Since the project began, there has been no evidence of fox attacks, and the penguin colony has steadily increased, growing to an estimated 180 individuals by 2013.

Every summer, visitors have the opportunity to engage with this groundbreaking conservation effort through the pre-booked “Meet the Maremma Tour.” This hands-on experience allows participants to learn about the Maremma dogs and their crucial role in protecting the Little Penguins, providing a unique opportunity to witness wildlife conservation in action.

The project gained wider recognition with the release of the film Oddball in September 2015, which documented the Maremma dogs’ adventures on Middle Island and highlighted the importance of protecting these adorable penguins.